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Fiscal deficit is when there is more total expenditure for the government than its total income. This difference is generally covered by the government’s borrowings over the financial year, and therefore indicates the government’s borrowing requirements.
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Fiscal deficit can be expressed as an absolute value or as a percentage of the country’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP).
Revenue deficit is when there is more revenue expenditure like rent, salaries and wages, compared to revenue receipts like those from tax collections over the financial year.
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Effective revenue deficit is the amount calculated when grants are subtracted from the actual revenue deficit figure.
Fiscal Deficit occurs when the government spends more than it earns as a whole, whereas revenue deficit occurs when the actual income of the government is lesser than the estimated income it requires to meet its expenses.
India’s fiscal deficit during the financial year 2023-24 was ₹16.53 lakh crore, or 5.6% of the GDP, with estimates for the same time period being 5.8%. This is a generally positive sign since it shows the amount of borrowings required to fund the government’s expenditure is lesser.
India's fiscal deficit, which stood at 4.5% of its GDP in the financial year 2013-14 kept gradually reducing up to 2019-20, when it rose to 4.6% from the low of 3.4% in 2018-19.
The COVID-19 pandemic was one of the main causes for this and the fiscal deficit shot up to 9.3% of the GDP during the financial year 2020-21 due to the unexpectedly high spending on healthcare and economic relief measures.
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Ever since 2020-21, the fiscal deficit has been gradually decreasing again. In 2021-22, it was 6.9%, in 2022-23, it was 6.4%, and in 2023-24, it came down to 5.6% of the GDP.
The government is most likely to set the fiscal deficit target for 2024-25 at 5.1% of the GDP, according to reports. This is despite the fact that the government also plans to initiate tax rate cuts. However, the cuts are to stimulate consumption in the economy.
Aiding to the government's confidence in keeping the fiscal deficit target around 5.1% is the $25 billion dividend it received from the Reserve Bank of India (RBI).
India's revenue deficit in 2022-23 was 3.9% of the GDP, which was a drop from 4.4% in 2021-22. This was a big fall compared to 7.3% in 2020-21 during the pandemic. It was 3.3% in 2019-20 and had been hovering between 2-3% till then from 2014-15. It was 3.2% of the GDP in 2013-14.
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