India’s airpower debate is no longer simply about how many fighter jets the country needs. It is about what those aircraft can achieve in skies increasingly threatened by long-range missiles, drones and sophisticated air defences.
In a conversation with Hindustan Times Senior Anchor Aayesha Varma on Point Blank, Executive Editor Shishir Gupta argued that India must look beyond fleet numbers. More fighters remain necessary, but they must form part of a wider military capability combining unmanned systems, longer-range weapons and layered defences. The central objective is deterrence: preventing an adversary from attacking by making the likely costs unacceptably high.
More fighters, but not numbers alone
The discussion began with Air Chief Marshal A.P. Singh’s call to induct 38–40 fighters annually as the Indian Air Force seeks to rebuild its declining strength. Gupta said the fleet had fallen below 30 squadrons, against a benchmark of approximately 42.5. He also drew a distinction over that benchmark, saying it had been authorised by the Chairman, Chiefs of Staff Committee, rather than the Cabinet Committee on Security.
Yet the numerical shortfall tells only part of the story. Gupta questioned whether adding aircraft, without improving the weapons they carry, would deliver sufficient military advantage.
{{/usCountry}}Yet the numerical shortfall tells only part of the story. Gupta questioned whether adding aircraft, without improving the weapons they carry, would deliver sufficient military advantage.
{{/usCountry}}His argument centred on standoff weapons: missiles and other munitions that allow aircraft to strike from farther away, reducing their exposure to hostile air defences. A larger fighter fleet becomes more useful when its aircraft can attack without having to fly deep into an adversary’s defensive envelope.
Why range changes the equation
For Gupta, the priority is not choosing between aircraft and missiles, but ensuring they work together.
Longer-range air-to-air weapons can threaten enemy aircraft at greater distances. Air-to-ground weapons can allow pilots to attack targets while remaining farther from defensive systems. The same logic, he argued, should influence where India stations its aircraft, with attention to protecting bases from enemy strikes.
He also cautioned against viewing India’s requirements primarily through Pakistan. China, he said, must shape the longer-term assessment of the scale and sophistication of the threat.
That shifts the question from “How many fighters are enough?” to something more demanding: what combination of aircraft, weapons and protected infrastructure can remain effective against a powerful adversary?
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Gupta pointed to Ukraine, Iran and the Houthis to illustrate how forces with limited conventional airpower can use missiles and drones to impose costs on stronger opponents.
In his assessment, attacks on infrastructure demonstrate that military pressure need not depend entirely on a large fighter fleet. Relatively inexpensive weapons can also create an uncomfortable economic imbalance when defenders use costly interceptors against them.
But he stopped short of arguing that India should abandon manned aircraft. India, he said, has too much at stake to rely exclusively on drones, loitering munitions or missiles.
The lesson is therefore not that fighters have become irrelevant. It is that they cannot be expected to deliver every military objective by themselves. Gupta’s preferred approach combines manned and unmanned capabilities according to the target, the adversary and the intended outcome.
A shield must match the threat
The discussion also highlighted the importance of defending against the weapons transforming offensive warfare.
Gupta argued that India needs a layered response rather than a single, all-purpose shield. Different threats require different interception options, particularly when the cost of destroying a cheap drone can far exceed the cost of launching it.
He discussed systems ranging from lower-level interception capabilities to Akash and the S-400, alongside indigenous interceptor development. His broader point was that defensive planning must account for both effectiveness and affordability.
The stakes extend beyond military installations. Gupta linked protection against missile attacks to civilian morale and economic confidence. In that framing, air and missile defence are not merely supporting capabilities; they help preserve the stability on which national growth depends.
Building reach around existing aircraft
Gupta identified several weapons programmes as important to strengthening India’s existing and future aircraft.
These included work on a lighter BrahMos missile for smaller fighters, the Rudram anti-radiation missile programme and longer-range Astra air-to-air missiles. He presented them as complementary efforts to extend striking power and expand the distances at which India can threaten hostile aircraft or engage targets.
The underlying procurement argument is significant: improving the weapons available to a fighter can be as important as acquiring the aircraft itself.
He also placed airpower within a wider deterrence framework that includes conventional missiles, submarines and underwater drones. The emphasis was on building multiple military options rather than making one platform responsible for national security.
The fifth-generation fighter dilemma
That same reasoning shaped Gupta’s assessment of fifth-generation aircraft.
He acknowledged the value of advanced fighters and discussed stealth features such as carrying weapons internally to reduce radar visibility. But he rejected the idea that acquiring such aircraft would, by itself, resolve India’s security challenges.
With a finite defence budget, expensive fighters must be weighed against other requirements, including unmanned combat systems and missile defence.
Gupta’s central prescription was a balanced force: advanced aircraft where they add decisive value, longer-range weapons to improve their effectiveness, unmanned systems to broaden operational choices, and defences that protect the country against retaliation. The challenge is not to buy every available capability, but to build a combination that can achieve India’s military objectives.