Academic freedom in India is "severely restricted", with growing government authority over higher education influencing university governance and curbs on student expression and protests, according to a report by Scholars at Risk, an international network that monitors attacks on higher education.
Documenting 382 attacks on higher education communities in 59 countries and territories from July 1, 2025, to June 30, 2026, the report titled 'Free to Think 2026' warns of government campaigns to silence dissent and enforce political compliance in higher education.
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According to the 2026 Academic Freedom Index (AFI), academic freedom declined significantly in 50 of the 179 countries analysed over the past decade, registering improvements in only nine.
The six countries listed under the "severely restricted" category in the report are Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Pakistan, the West Bank and Ukraine.
The report's lowest category, "completely restricted", includes Afghanistan, China, Iran, Russia, Turkiye, Syria, Venezuela, Zimbabwe and Gaza.
{{/usCountry}}The report's lowest category, "completely restricted", includes Afghanistan, China, Iran, Russia, Turkiye, Syria, Venezuela, Zimbabwe and Gaza.
{{/usCountry}}4 students booked for securing MBBS admission via fake freedom fighter dependent certificates
"India's Central government expanded its authority over higher education, influencing university governance, leadership appointments, and academic priorities. University administrators took actions that stifled campus discourse, including dismissing faculty members, cancelling academic events, and enforcing new policies restricting student expression.
"Both students and police committed acts of violence at protests or other campus gatherings. Academic freedom was 'severely restricted' in 2026," the report said.
It also alleged that the ruling BJP continued to deploy the University Grants Commission (UGC) as a "primary vehicle for state influence" over higher education.
"The UGC faced scrutiny in recent years for policies perceived to tighten government control over universities, including loosening academic qualification requirements for vice-chancellors and accelerating the casualisation of academic labour by removing the 10 per cent cap on non-permanent, contract faculty," it said.
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India's AFI score has fallen sharply in recent years, from 0.38 in 2022 to 0.14 in 2025, according to AFI data.
However, the decline is not limited to India. The 2026 AFI data shows significant declines in academic freedom in 50 of 179 countries over the past decade, while only nine recorded improvements.
In the US, institutional autonomy fell from 3.3 in 2019 to 1.7 in 2025, with the score dropping from 2.4 in 2024 alone.
The report cited several recent cases of "suppressing dissent" among faculty members.
For instance, it highlighted the 2025 termination of South Asian University professor Snehashish Bhattacharya for "misconduct against university interests".
Bhattacharya and 14 other faculty members had signed a November 2022 letter expressing concern over the university's handling of student protests in October that year.
It also cited the firing of Lora Santhakumar, an assistant professor at the SRM Institute of Science and Technology in Tamil Nadu, in 2025 over a social media post on Indian military action in Pakistan.
On May 7, 2025, Santhakumar shared a series of WhatsApp status updates opposing calls for war. One post read: "Say NO to war. And don't be afraid to say so, even if it is not the popular opinion."
Her phone number and photo subsequently circulated rapidly on social media, triggering online abuse and death threats. The university suspended her on May 8 and terminated her services on December 9, 2025.
"When universities justified event cancellations, they often pointed to the content of the event or extramural statements made by the invited speakers. Student protesters on Indian campuses faced pressure from university authorities, police, and opposing student factions.
"Policy shifts, academic decisions and debates about national identity, caste, religion and historical interpretation led to student protests. In some instances, demonstrations resulted in clashes between opposing student factions," the report said.
It also said that national and state government actors took actions that constrained freedom of research, teaching and publication.
For instance, it said, the Supreme Court issued a "life ban" on March 11, 2026, barring three academics from receiving public funding for curriculum development.
The issue involved three scholars who had collaborated with the National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) on the Class 8 social science textbook, which had a section that the court deemed to "project a negative image" of the jidiciary.