India losing 15k sqkm forest area to invasive species each year: Study

A study reveals invasive species in India are spreading rapidly, threatening ecosystems and livelihoods, costing $127.3 billion over 60 years.

Published on: Dec 4, 2025, 04:50:07 IST

By Chetan Chauhan, New Delhi

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Invasive species are spreading at an annual rate of 15,000 square kilometres in forest areas and nearly two-thirds of India’s natural ecosystems now harbour 11 major invasive species, according to a new study published on Wednesday in the peer-reviewed journal, Nature Sustainability.

India losing 15k sqkm forest area to invasive species each year: Study

The species, including Lantana camara, Chromolaena odorata and Prosopis juliflora, are spreading across India at some of the fastest rates recorded globally, said the analysis of a million vegetation records from the National Tiger Conservation Authority’s (NTCA) assessments between 2006 and 2022.

The study by scientists from the Denmark’s Aarhus University, Dehradun-based Wildlife Institute of India (WII) and Bengaluru-based National Centre for Biological Sciences (NCBS) found that every year, a new alien plant invades 6,000 square km of tiger range and 11,700 square km of wild herbivore habitat.

It identified 243 subdistricts (tehsils) and 167 protected areas as high-risk zones and added that by 2022, invasive plants have exposed 144 million people, 2.8 million livestock, and 0.2 million square km of smallholder farmland to its devastating impact.

Invasive species are plants that take over native species damaged by anthropogenic activities such agriculture land use change and urban expansion, including infrastructure projects and non-anthropogenic events such as fires, floods or droughts. Once established, they suppress growth of native plants and take over the entire ecological space available to them. The study highlighted that climate change and increasing habitat fragmentation was helping spread of the invasive species.

In India, the study said the areas of invasive plants such as Chromolaena odorata has also doubled in its range in the Western Ghats and northeast India in less than two decades. In dry regions, Prosopis juliflora, once introduced to prevent desertification, now dominates entire landscapes, outcompeting native shrubs and grasses critical for wildlife and pastoral livelihoods.

Many invasive plants believed to have been confined to drier ecosystems are increasingly invading Himalayan areas and wet evergreen forests. Open natural ecosystems like dry grasslands in peninsular India, wet grasslands along Ganga and Brahmaputra, Shola grasslands in the Western Ghats, and savannas across India are among the most vulnerable areas, the study said.

“At current rates, entire ecosystems could shift from native to invasive dominance within a generation”, said study’s lead author Dr Ninad Mungi. “These plants are moving faster than we can manage or even monitor them”, he added.

For rural and pastoral communities, invasive plants reduce fodder and fuelwood, lower soil fertility, and even trigger respiratory ailments. For wildlife, dense patches of Lantana and Chromolaena make many forests impenetrable, reduce native food plants, impacting herbivore populations, with cascading effects on predators, disrupting the ecological balance.

The study points out that in parts of the Western Ghats, increasing invasive species have been linked with animals moving into human settlements causing crop depredation and higher human-animal conflict. “Invasions don’t recognise boundaries, cutting across farmlands, forests, and protected areas,” said study author YV Jhala. “If we fail to manage them, we risk losing biodiversity, livelihoods, but also the fragile balance of coexistence.”

The authors estimated that India has lost $127.3 billion ( ₹8.3 trillion) to invasive species in the last 60 years and said national policies “recognise” the threat but fail to act in a cohesive manner. “The management on the ground remains fragmented, underfunded, with hardly any meaningful impact,” the authors said in a statement.

Qamar Qureshi of WII said that despite India being recognised as the “global invasion hotspot”, it lacks a dedicated institutional framework to deal with it. “The result is a policy landscape resembling a patchwork of intentions rather than a cohesive strategy”, he said.

Dr Mungi added that India needs a National Invasive Species Mission, to unify scientific monitoring, evidence-based management, advancement in quarantine technology, sectoral coordination and strategic financing. “Such a mission can integrate invasion control into climate adaptation, poverty alleviation, and restoration programs”, he added.

ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Chetan Chauhan
Chetan Chauhan is the National Affairs Editor looking into all aspects of news and features from across India. A Chevening scholar with over three decades of experience in reporting and news management, Chetan has extensively covered all important aspects of the social sector, political economy, environment and climate change nationally and internationally. He did a journalism course at the Reuters Institute of Journalism in Oxford and Digital Media training at Nanyang Technological University in Singapore. He started as a reporter with The Statesman in 1996 and joined the Hindustan Times in 2000 in the metro bureau covering environment, crime and Delhi politics. He covered hot local news, from the Jessica Lal murder case to the rebellion of Delhi Congress MLAs against then Chief Minister Sheila Dikshit, to the replacement of toxic vehicle fuel with cleaner compressed natural gas (CNG) in the national capital. Some of his stories on air pollution became part of the Supreme Court’s landmark MC Mehta versus Government of India case in the National Capital Region (NCR), forcing the government to take corrective measures. As part of the national political bureau since 2004, he covered important central sectors such as environment, education, social justice, labour, rural development, water resources, renewable energy, agriculture, broadcasting and the Planning Commission for more than a decade producing several exclusive and investigative breaking stories. His specialisation is the environment, having covered at least a dozen United Nations global conferences on climate change, biodiversity and wildlife including climate summits in Paris, Copenhagen and Bali. He also covered India’s two five-year plans ---11th and 12th and reported on drafting and execution of right based laws such as Right to Education, Right to Information and rural job guarantee law, MG-NREGA, now being introduced in new format as VG-RAM-G Act. He has in-depth knowledge of social sector issues. He was one of the first to report on tigers vanishing from Sariska and Panna wildlife reserves in 2004 and 2008, respectively, leading to the setting up of the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) and the introduction of stringent penal provisions for poaching. He has written extensively on the rising human-animal conflict in India and the degradation of India’s biodiversity hotspots because of mining and other activities. Since 2004, Chetan has covered Parliament comprehensively and participated in training on the nuanced coverage of Parliament proceedings. He has travelled extensively across India to cover national and provincial elections since 1998, especially in the Hindi heartland states, considered India’s road to power. He writes a regular column for Hindustan Times, Ecostani, on important national politics, economy, Himalayan ecology and environmental issues. His other responsibilities include providing inputs for edits and edit page articles for the publication, apart from managing news flow from across India.Read More

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