It is the kind of question that keeps biologists up at night: from an evolutionary standpoint, is the innermost digit of a bird's three-pronged wing more like a thumb or an index finger?
A study published online on Sunday by Nature says it's a bit of both.
The stemcells in birds that normally produce the first digit die off during early stages of embryonic development, it found, while cells programmed to manufacture the index unit give rise instead to a thumb-like appendage.
Member No 2, in other words, has undergone a shift in digital identity.
All animals with backbones -- vertebrates -- share an ancient template of five digits per limb. But that has not kept evolution from generating a numerically diverse menagerie for grasping, clawing and walking.
Human and primate hands and feet normally have five fingers or toes each; birds have three in their wings and two, three or four digits on their feet; two-toed sloths speak for themselves.
Snakes don't have any, while Pandas have five clawed fingers and a sixth bigtoe-like appendage, the better to grasp bamboo stalks while dining.
{{/usCountry}}Snakes don't have any, while Pandas have five clawed fingers and a sixth bigtoe-like appendage, the better to grasp bamboo stalks while dining.
{{/usCountry}}In general, it is easier to lose a trait through evolution than to gain one.
Fuelled by conflicting evidence, debate has flourished for more than a century as to whether the tripart scaffolding of a bird wing corresponds to the thumb, index and middle finger, or to the index, middle and ring fingers.
Paleontological research tracing birds back to the theropod dinosaurs that roamed Earth two hundred million years ago favoured the "one-two-three" hypothesis.
Clues derived from the study of embryo development, however, suggested the "two-three-four" scenario was more likely.
Working with chickens, researchers from Yale University led by Gunter Wagner used a technique called gene expression profiling to solve the digital mystery.
They showed that the first digits of chick wings and feet both arise from the same genetic coding, but that, in the wing, the digit develops from the position in the embryo normally reserved for the index.