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How many households live beyond their means? | Number Theory

HT has analyzed government data on wages, consumption and assets/liabilities to answer some of these questions. Here is what it shows

Updated on: Mar 09, 2026 11:45 am IST
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How much do Indian households spend compared to what they earn? Is the earning-spending gap higher in villages or cities? What about debt? Are the rich more indebted or the poor? These questions are important at a time when household debt has become a key driver of overall credit growth in India and aspirational spending, as well as politically motivated cash transfers are the highest they have ever been. HT has analyzed government data on wages, consumption and assets/liabilities to answer some of these questions. Here is what it shows.

A note on the data

Pexels file photo

India does not have official income statistics. What it does have is employment data where we do get some idea about what people earn. The Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) classifies workers into those who are in regular wage/salaried jobs, self-employed, and in casual work. Because the PLFS also gives monthly consumption spending of households, one can compare total income of employed members with household’s consumption spending. As is obvious, the entire thing is self-reported and unlikely to be completely accurate.

 
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Roshan Kishore

Roshan Kishore is the Data and Political Economy Editor at Hindustan Times. His weekly column for HT Premium Terms of Trade appears every Friday.

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